Cannabis Education Terpenes | DeMillion Sensei

TERPENES

WHAT ARE TERPENES?

Terpenes are the aromatic, organic compounds responsible for the scents that many plants produce – including cannabis. For instance, when someone puts their nose to a fresh cracked beer or stops to enjoy the fragrance of a flower, cuts into a lemon, elopes in their freshly washed laundry, walks among pine trees, or inhaling the aroma of a freshly ground bud from your favorite dispensary, they are lost (for a moment) in the fragrance of terpenes.

There are more than 20,000 varieties of terpenes throughout nature, more than 200 of which are found in cannabis. Terpene production evolved in plants, including cannabis, to attract certain pollinators and to act as a defense mechanism to predators.

What is the difference between primary and secondary terpenes?

A primary terpene in cannabis is the terpene with the highest amount present and they are the force behind the aroma produced by cannabis strains. Secondary terpenes may be found in a smaller amount and contribute to the effects produced by a strain.

While primary terpenes largely influence how any individual plant smells, and affect a plant's growth and development. Secondary terpenes are present to aid the plant's defense. In general, the unique aroma carried by each plant is a product of the primary terpenes present within the plant and the medicinal value of any given strain is contributed to both primary and secondary terpenes combined.

PRIMARY TERPENES

Primary terpenes such as Myrcene are the most commonly found terpenes in Oklahoma cannabis products. Terpenes are the compounds that you can instantly smell on your buds.

As a result, their higher concentration is going to dictate your experience more than terpenes found in smaller amounts.

You may have noticed that the terpene percentage is not as high as the cannabinoid levels (THC %) at the dispensary, but while they may have a smaller concentration than cannabinoids, they're just as important and pack the main punch you need!

Alpha Pinene and beta-Pinene

(Piney, Earthy, Spicy, Herbal: Sativa) Pinene is also found in many fresh herbs such as Dill, Basil, Cedar, Rosemary, Eucalyptus, Parsley, and some Citrus fruit like Lime and Lemon peel. It is also present in turpentine, which has been used as a medicine, detergent, and paint solvent for hundreds, maybe thousands of years. It is said to increase mental focus and energy. Plus, it can act as a topical antiseptic and bronchodilator, making it a very good option for asthmatics. Finally, Pinene is effective in pain relief, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and may slow the growth of cancer cells, and increase memory.

Caryophyllene or beta-Caryophyllene

(Citrus, Spice, Pepper, Earthy: Hybrid) Naturally found in high concentrations of Black Pepper, Oregano, Basil, Hops, and Rosemary. It is actually the terpene known to directly interact with CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system. This is, in part, what makes it effective as an anti-inflammatory and mood elevator. The relationship this terpene has with the endocannabinoid system helps it reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. More than its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, this terpene can also help reduce cravings for alcohol, fight cancer, and reduce anxiety and depression.

Geraniol

(Sweet Rose: the higher the concentration the more of an Indica effect) This terpene is naturally occurring in Geraniums, Roses, and Lemongrass among other flowers and vegetables. It is a depressant on the central nervous system. This allows increased relaxation, drowsiness and high concentration, decreased inhibition and loss of sensation. It is known for its antioxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. Scientific evidence shows that the natural antioxidant Geraniol can discourage growth in a number of cancers.

Limonene

(Citrus, Fresh, Spice: the higher the concentration the more of an Indica effect) Naturally occurring in botanicals such as Mint, Rosemary and Juniper as well as in the peels of Citrus fruits like Lemon, Orange, and Grapefruit. You may be shocked to hear that fun citrusy terpenes like Limonene are common in Indica strains in large quantities. In addition to elevating mood and decreasing anxiety and depression, Studies have shown that it has antifungal and antibacterial properties. It can also help to increase absorption of other terpenes, treat acid reflux and aid in indigestion.

Myrcene or beta-Myrcene

(Flowers, Pungent, Earthy: Indica if greater than 0.5% and sativa if less) naturally found in Mangoes, Thyme, Lemongrass, and Basil among other fruits and herbs. This particular terpene plays a huge role in whether a strain will be considered indica or sativa. Strains containing more than 0.5% of Myrcene have a sedative effect, while strains containing less than 0.5% myrcene produce an energizing effect. This is the most abundant terpene in cannabis And may make up as much as 65% of the total terpene profile in some strains. Known as an analgesic, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and to put you to sleep at higher concentrations.

Ocimene

(Sweet, Fragrant, Woodsy: Hybrid) Natural terpene found in Mint, Parsley, and Basil, among other fruits and herbs. It might help differentiate indicas from sativas. Many of the cannabis strains with the uplifting effects we attribute to sativas have Myrcene as the dominant terpene. While that usually means that strain is an Indica, researchers found that if Ocimene or Terpinolene is the second most abundant terpene, the strain will behave like a sativa.
It's a decongestant so when smoked or vape it can help clear out congestion you have in your lungs, nose and throat (by inducing coughing). Also known for its antiviral, antifungal, antiseptic, and antibacterial properties.

SECONDARY TERPENES

Secondary terpenes are the next most abundant terpene forms in the cannabis plant. Found in much smaller amounts than primary terpenes, they are still a critical part of your experience. For the Entourage effect to be maximized, it's important for you to consume the entire range of primary and secondary terpenes.

Borneol

(Rosemary: Sativa) Naturally is found all over the plant world and some flowers like Sunflowers, Artemisia, and several obscure subtropical in Asian native plants. Chinese Physicians have been aware of its potent pain fighting and other abilities since at least the roughly 475 BC, when they compounded Borneol to concoct a treatment called Moxa.
Borneol is a terpene in cannabis that can be used to relieve pain without sedation, reduce inflammation, lower stress, and remedy heart disease. In addition, Recent research has uncovered its potential as an antioxidant, neuroprotectant and drug potentiator.

Camphene

(Damp, Pungent, Herbal: Hybrid) Found in Nutmeg, Rosemary, and Ginger among other Botanicals. Commonly used in cannabis base creams, salves and lotions. It’s particularly useful in the treatment of skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. When it is mixed with vitamin C it becomes a powerful antioxidant. Believed to have antifungal, antibacterial, anti-fungal amatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties.

Camphor

(Pungent Mint: Sativa) camphor has been used since ancient times! Traditionally it was harvested from Camphor Laurel Trees and Rosemary leaves. I’ve recently used Camphor rich Tiger Balm to treat joint pain, muscle aches. I didn’t even noticed the terpene clear as day in the ingredients. Camphor is known to clear sinuses, increase circulation, and improve respiratory function. However, it works differently than one may expect. When applied topically it interacts with receptors in the sensory area of the brain, causing pain relief and a mild numbing effect.
Camphor helps to stimulate the metabolism and has a similar effect as caffeine, causing alertness and energy. Like most terpenes it's antibacterial and antifungal in nature and works as a natural disinfectant. In fact, it was also originally used to treat drinking water for infections like Giardia. If you didn’t know, it is still the main active ingredient in Vicks Vapor Rub.

Cymene

(Musty Earthy: Hybrid) Commonly found in Thyme and Cumin. Cymene is well-known for its powerful anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties; recent research suggests that Cymene may significantly increase the amount of time it takes to feel pain by modulating the user's opioid system. Another study has shown Cymene to have antibacterial properties. One in particular revealed p-Cymene to be effective against E. coli in a contaminated bottle of unpasteurized apple juice. Another, showed Cymenes anti-fungal properties to increase when actively fighting pathogens alongside other terpenes, such as Terpineol and Linalool.
Other therapeutic effects of Cymene include its ability to fight pain and inflammation in mice, and research has shown Cymene to have antineoplastic, or cancer-fighting properties, by inhibiting tumors. A modest amount is helpful to those who suffer from ADHD or mood disorders. Today, it has proved to be beneficial but much more research is necessary to provide hard data that proves conclusively that Cymene is a viable treatment option.

Delta-3 Carene

(Earthy Citrusy: Hybrid) Also found in Rosemary, Basil, Cedar, and Bell Pepper. It's known for its anti-inflammatory benefits. As a result, it is a good option for individuals with inflammatory diseases such as fibromyalgia and arthritis. It provides significant qualities to combat systemic inflammation, repair diseased and damaged bones and is said to promote mental focus and concentration. Strains containing Delta 3 Carene have been found to benefit those with Alzheimer disease.
Beyond the repair of bones, it is unique due to its power to draw out liquids (one of the main reasons it is applicable within the cosmetic industry). The drying effect it has makes it a candidate for use as in antihistamine and in products targeting excessive menstruation or mucus production. This terpene is also the force behind dry mouth and red eyes in cannabis smokers.

Fenchol

(Woody, Pine, Earthy: Hybrid) This terpene is found commonly in Eucalyptus leaves, Nutmeg, Wild Celery, Basil, Aster flowers, and Citrus fruits. It is best known for its antibacterial, antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Fenchol doesn't act as a sedative terpene though, it can have the effect of waking you up; yet, it is not at all a stimulative terpene. It is recently being studied among other benefits, for its antibiotic properties. Fenchol mixed with Linalool and beta-Phellandrene can enhance antioxidant and antimicrobial action. Fenchol is very popular in perfumes and is also used in laundry products to make your laundry smell extra fresh and clean.

Guaiol

(Pinewood Rose: hybrid) Also found in Cypress Pine and Guaiacum. It's known for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, it has been used to treat conditions such as arthritis, sore throat, gout and constipation. One of the most promising benefits is its ability to decrease systemic inflammation, making it effective as part of the treatment regimen of literally hundreds of diseases and medical conditions, including cancer and fibromyalgia. It was brought to Europe from Hispaniola in the 16th Century by Spainards after they finished their conquest of San Domingo. By the late 1700s, guaiacum gum extracted from the dense wood of the plant was being used as a treatment for syphilis and to regulate menstruation. It has also been noted as a stimulant that may help in the treatment of a sore throat, gout, rheumatism, and more.

Isopulegol

(Minty: indica) Is naturally found in many essential oils from a variety of plants including Lemongrass, Lemon Balm, Geranium, and Eucalyptus. The chemical offspring to menthol, it is a powerful relaxant which has been shown to be effective in the treatment of seizures. More research is necessary to discover the extent of its health benefits, but research has shown promising links between Isopulegol and effects like anti-inflammatory, anti-seizure, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and gastroprotective effects. Lemon Balm, of which Isopulegol is a significant component of, contains noteworthy inflammation fighting properties. The antiviral properties of it could be highly effective against the H1N1 and H1N2 strains of the influenza virus, especially during the early stages. Isopulegol’s ability to affect the GABA system and its antioxidants is linked to a reduction in seizures.

Menthol

(minty cooling: Hybrid) Naturally found in Peppermint and Spearmint. Menthol is known to reduce cough and suppress respiratory irritation naturally. No evidence exists that inhaling naturally occurring menthol is harmful to one's health, but for those who don't wish to use it in an inhaled version, know that topical salves and creams can be utilized. Topically, it's a natural analgesic, effective in the treatment of pain. Using a menthol cannabis salve on the chest at night may help reduce congestion and will also interact with cannabinoid receptors to promote a sense of calmness and contribute to a more restful sleep.

Nerolidol

(Woody, Fruity, Citrus, Rose, Apples: Indica) Naturally found in Tea Tree, Jasmine, and Lemongrass. It's widely known for sedative qualities. That said, current research is also evaluating its potential anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, and antimicrobial properties. It has been extensively studied for a variety of therapeutic uses, particularly for its anti-parasitic, antifungal and antibacterial properties. These findings are consistent with the traditional use of orange oil as a natural disinfectant. Research has shown that Trans-nerolidol can reduce Leishmaniasis infection by 95%. Likewise, research has found that it significantly inhibits the growth of four species of Babesia parasites. Another study found that it can effectively reduce skin lesions caused by the fungal infection microsporum gypseum. Perhaps most remarkably, studies have shown that the introduction of it actually sensitizes infectious bacteria such as Staphylococcus Aureus and E-coli to antibiotics. In other words, it can work together with antibiotics to destroy bacterial pathogens more effectively.

Phellandrene

(Peppermint, Woody, slight Citrus undertones: Sativa) Naturally found in Eucalyptus, Mint, Dill, Black Pepper, Cinnamon, Parsley, Pine, and more! Chinese medicine has used phellandrene for centuries for its antifungal and antibacterial properties. It's known to reduce pain sensitivity and increase energy levels. Recent Studies have been examining the link between combining Phellandrene with Limonene, a primary terpene. The research has been extremely positive and shows that this combo exhibits antidepressive effects. Furthermore, in terms of chronic pain phellandrene has also shown promising results in combating neuropathy (nerve).

Phytol

(Grassy Balsamic: Indica) naturally found in green tea. It is utilized to synthesize vitamin K and vitamin E. It's known to reduce pain and relieve inflammation. Recent Studies have shown that it may have strong antioxidant properties and it offers sedative and anti-anxiety benefits. Through the neurotransmitter GABA, phytol has also been shown to function as an anticonvulsant and anti-anxiety treatment.

Pulegone

(Peppermint Rosemary: Hybrid) Naturally found in Catnip and Pennyroyal. It is known for its strong insecticidal properties. It has been linked to potentially counteracting the short-term memory loss often associated with THC. It also helps reduce stress adding to the relaxation felt throughout the body in mind that cannabis is known for. It is also known to help diminish fever along with loosening up mucus in the air passageways and sinuses. Besides the more obvious use as in expectorant, this terpene has been used to treat conditions such as common colds and fevers headaches indigestion convulsions in menstrual conditions. Although solid research involving humans is needed, a 2014 study published in Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin found that it can be used to treat anxiety in mice. This study also revealed that it may have a psychostimulant effect that can improve motor in mental function.

Sabinene

(Woody, Spicy, Pepper: Hybrid) Is naturally also found in a variety of spices such as nutmeg, basil, marjoram, cloves, and cardamom. As a monoterpene, It is used in aromatherapy but equally used as flavorings in food or fragrance manufacturing. It has been studied for its implications and soothing problematic skin conditions, relieving arthritis pain, and digestion. It has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. It has also been shown to benefit liver function in digestion.